SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels, IFN-1, ISGs, and NF-κB gene responses within the respiratory tract of mild and severe COVID-19 patients medrxivpreprint PonceHealthSU NIH SARSCoV2 COVID19 coronavirus covid genetics RNA gene
By Dr. Chinta SidharthanNov 17 2022Reviewed by Danielle Ellis, B.Sc. In a recent study posted to the medRxiv* preprint server, a team of researchers characterized the expression of type-1 and type-2 interferons , interferon-stimulated genes , and nuclear factor kappa B in the upper respiratory tracts of patients with mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 , to understand innate immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections.
Additionally, during SARS-CoV-2 infections, NF-κB mediates the expression of pro-inflammatory chemokines and cytokines and activates the adaptive and innate immune cells. However, the pro-inflammatory responses activated by NF-κB can also cause tissue and organ damage and dysfunction. Total ribonucleic acid was extracted from the swab and blood samples. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify SARS-CoV-2 RNA from the swab sample RNA extracts. The RNA extracted from the blood samples was used for a NanoString assay to determine the expression of specific genes. Geometric mean expressions of 28 ISGs and 11 NF-κB targets were determined to calculate the 28-gene type-1 ISG and 11-gene NF-κB scores, respectively.
Results The results reported significantly higher ISG and NF-κB responses in the upper respiratory tracts of mild COVID-19 patients as compared to patients with severe COVID-19. The gene expression analysis of the ISGs indicated that mild COVID-19 patients had increased expression of 13 genes in the upper respiratory tract compared to severe COVID-19 cases.
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