An obscure class of molecules, part of the vast system that helps the human body distinguish 'self' from 'non-self,' may also hold the key to stopping SARS-CoV-2 from commandeering healthy cells, scientists have found in an elegant series of experiments.
T cells, a fierce but clandestine army of T cells potentially capable of quashing cells infected with SARS-CoV-2. It's the activity of these T cells that may explain why some people quickly thwart COVID-19.
Dr. Hongbing Yang and a team of Oxford colleagues have examined blood samples from patients with COVID-19 and identified five peptides—protein fragments—that induce HLA-E-restricted killer T cell activity. HLA-E is an important regulator of natural killer cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and inhibition. HLA-E, the team found in a series of experiments, can respond to and initiate an immune response against SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
Further analyses of primary human lung epithelial cells showed that SARS-CoV-2 exposure caused downregulation of HLA-Ia, but not HLA-E. HLA-E peptide-derived CD8T cell clones, which expressed diverse T cell receptors, and suppressed SARS-CoV-2 replication in human lung epithelial cells.
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