Smoking increases the risk of illness and viral infection, including a type of coronavirus
In brief, 399 participants were quarantined for 2 days before and 7 days after nasal inoculation with one of five respiratory viruses: rhinovirus , respiratory syncytial virus , or coronavirus 229E . Three participants were missing smoking status, resulting in a final sample size of 396.Current smoking status was biochemically measured using serum cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, measured 2 days before and 28 days after inoculation.
or if they self-reported being a current smoker. For this study, nine self-reported nonsmokers with cotinine ≥ 15 ng/mL and five self-reported current smokers with cotinine =30 years), season , number of roommates, number of infected roommates, virus type, and average number of alcoholic drinks per day . Information on race/ethnicity was not collected.The relative risk for smoking and each outcome was calculated using SAS PROC GENMOD’s log-binomial regressionwith SAS Version 9.4.
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Diagnostic accuracy of the Ottawa ankle rule to exclude fractures in acute ankle injuries in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis - BMC Musculoskeletal DisordersBackground Ankle traumas are common presenting injuries to emergency departments in Australia and worldwide. The Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) are a clinical decision tool to exclude ankle fractures, thereby precluding the need for radiographic imaging in patients with acute ankle injury. Previous studies support the OAR as an accurate means of excluding ankle and midfoot fractures, but have included a paediatric population, report both the ankle and mid-foot, or are greater than 5 years old. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to update and assess the existing evidence of the diagnostic accuracy of the Ottawa Ankle Rule (OAR) acute ankle injuries in adults. Methods A systematic search and screen of was performed for relevant articles dated 1992 to 2020. Prospective and retrospective studies documenting OAR outcomes by physicians to assess ankle injuries were included. Critical appraisal of included studies was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies 2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Outcomes related to psychometric data were pooled using random effects or fixed effects modelling to calculate diagnostic performance of the OAR. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the Higgins I2 test, with Spearman’s correlation test for threshold effect. Results From 254 unique studies identified in the screening process, 15 were included, involving 8560 patients from 13 countries. Sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio, positive likelihood ratio and diagnostic odds ratio were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.89 to 0.92), 0.25 (95% CI, 0.24 to 0.26), 1.47 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.93), 0.15 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.29) and 10.95 (95% CI, 5.14 to 23.35) respectively, with high between-study heterogeneity observed (sensitivity: I2 = 94.3%, p | 0.01; specificity: I2 = 99.2%, p | 0.01). Most studies presented with low risk of bias and concern regarding applicability following assessment against QUADAS-2 criteria. Conclusions Application of the OAR is highly sensitive and ca
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