This article looks into cancer immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and cancertreatment.
Sponsored Content by Sino Biological Inc.Nov 13 2023Reviewed by Maria Osipova Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a significant breakthrough in cancer therapy. The continuous development of new ICIs and the discovery of biomarkers have considerably improved the therapeutic efficacy of these agents.
Immune checkpoints are a co-stimulatory and inhibitory signal to regulate the antigen recognition of T cell receptors in the immune response process. They can inhibit immune system overreactions and help to maintain immune homeostasis during antiviral or antimicrobial immune responses.
PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors block the binding between PD-1 and PD-L1, subsequently reactivating T-cell responses against tumors and realizing antitumor effects.8 The FDA has approved the monoclonal antibodies Pembrolizumab, Nivolumab, and Cemiplimab as PD-1 inhibitors. Figure 2. Featured products of high-quality PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4. Image Credit: Sino Biological Inc.
TIGIT As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, TIGIT is mostly expressed on the surface of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK, and regulatory T cells. It has three ligands, namely CD112, CD113, and CD155. V-Set and the immunoglobulin structural domain containing 3 serve as ligands for VISTA, inhibiting the production of cytokines and chemokines.
TIM-3 was initially found to be a receptor expressed on IFN-γ-producing CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cytotoxicity 1 T cells. However, recent studies have demonstrated that it holds immune evasion abilities like CTLA-4 and PD-1. Combination therapy using ICIs The combination of multiple ICIs is currently a significant focus of research in tumor immunotherapy. The combination therapy of ICIs with precision and multi-pathway targeting presents unique advantages in addressing drug resistance and improving the specific recognition and destruction of tumor cells by immune cells.
Predictive biomarkers can provide insights into a patient’s outcome prior to treatment, assisting in the decision to use either monotherapy or combination therapy. This facilitates the application of precise and tailored tumor immunotherapy.
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