The most substantial risk of premature cardiovascular diseases is associated with diabetes and insulin resistance biomarkers, reports a study published in BMCMedicine
]. Our present results are consistent with these previous observations and provide additional evidence for the atherogenicity of serum lipids at different ages, and the effects were more pronounced in young adults.
In the present study, insulin resistance measured by the TyG index had the strongest association with premature CVD out of approximately 10 biomarkers examined.
In this study, the incidence rates of CVD increased with age, consistent with age being a substantial risk factor. Analysis of the relative rates of risk factors for incident CVD should not, however, imply that risk factors are more important at younger vs older ages. Therefore, the importance of primary CVD prevention among older adults is not diminished by the observed attenuation of relative rates of risk factors with incident CVD in older individuals.
Strengths of this study included the large number of participants, long follow-up period, and the collection of information on various lifestyle factors and biomarkers. The study also has several limitations. First, lifestyle and medical history were self-reported, which may be subject to recall bias. Second, there are challenges to compare the risks associated with clinical categorical variables vs continuous biomarkers.
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Risk factors for natural menopause before the age of 45: evidence from two British population-based birth cohort studies - BMC Women's HealthBackground Menopause that occurs before the age of 45 and is not medically induced (referred to here as ‘early natural menopause’) affects around one in 10 women and has serious health consequences. These consequences include increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes. Methods We investigate risk factors for the onset of natural menopause before the age of 45 in two population-based prospective cohort studies in Britain: the 1958 cohort following 8959 women and the 1970 cohort following 8655 women. These studies follow women from birth to adulthood, and we use harmonized data on birth and early life characteristics, reproductive health, health behaviour, and socioeconomic characteristics for 6805 women who were pre-menopausal, peri-menopausal or had undergone natural menopause. Of these 6805 women, 3614 participated in the 1958 cohort (of which 368 had early menopause) and 3191 participated in the 1970 cohort (of which 206 had early menopause). Taking a life course approach, we focus on three distinct life stages - birth/early life, childhood, and early adulthood - to understand when risk factors are most harmful. Respecting the temporal sequence of exposures, we use a series of multivariable logistic regression models to estimate associations between early menopause and each potential risk factor adjusted for confounders. Results We find that early menopause is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were breastfed 1 month or less were more likely to undergo early menopause. Early menopause is also associated with poorer cognitive ability and smoking in childhood. Adult health behaviour also matters. Smoking is positively correlated with early menopause, while regular exercise and moderate frequency of alcohol drinking in women’s early thirties are associated with reduced risk of early menopause. The occurrence of gynaecolog
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