“The Last Campaign” documents the conflicts between white settlers and Native Americans in the late 19th century
This ambitious but flawed book documents the conflicts between white settlers and Native Americans in the late 19th centuryN 1867, IN
However justified, the bloody reprisals had to stop. The army’s advice to the commission was blunt: the United States could either wage all-out war to build its new transcontinental railroads or it would have to withdraw and leave the land to its original inhabitants. “The war must be vigorous, or arrangements had better be made for its discontinuance,” said Winfield Hancock, commander of the Army’s Department of the Missouri.
Subtitled “Sherman, Geronimo and the War for America”, the latest book by H.W. Brands, a historian at the University of Texas, is fundamentally a military story that ranges across a vast expanse. He presents the crushing of America’s Native peoples as a single overarching campaign spearheaded by General William Sherman, the military giant whose scorched-earth tactics helped clinch the North’s victory in the civil war.
Yet the broad view does allow the author to identify important common threads. One by one, he notes, every Native American tribe faced their own devastating choice: submit to relocation and abandon the nomadic way of life, or fight and die. In 1865 indigenous people numbered fewer than 400,000 against 30m settlers backed by battle-hardened soldiers. “We were hedged in by two evils,” wrote a Choctaw chief, “and we chose that which we thought the least.
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