New UCLA-led research has found that the proportion of US overdose deaths involving both fentanyl and stimulants has increased more than 50-fold since 2010, from 0.6% (235 deaths) in 2010 to 32.3% (34,429 deaths) in 2021.
The analysis illustrates how the US opioid crisis began with an increase in deaths from prescription opioids in the early 2000s and heroin in 2010. Around 2013, an increase in fentanyl overdoses signaled the third wave. The fourth wave—fentanyl overdoses with stimulants—began in 2015 and continues to grow.
Further complicating matters is that people consuming multiple substances may also be at increased risk of overdose, and many substances being mixed with fentanyl are not responsive to naloxone, the antidote to anThe authors also found that fentanyl/stimulant overdose deaths disproportionately affect racial/ethnic minority communities in the US, including Black and African American people and Native American people.
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