Substance in the blood is found to increase as early as two years before diagnosis of pancreaticcancer
). Samples were balanced for sex ratio and were used to construct biomarker models at the time of diagnosis.Plasma samples were stored at −80°C before and between enzyme-linked immunoassay and multiplex biomarker assay measurements. Collagen IV and endostatin were analyzed using Serum Collagen IV EIA and Human Endostatin Quantikine ELISA kit , respectively. CA19-9 and CEA were measured using the multiplex bead kit WideScreen Human Cancer Panel 1 .
There were 39 individuals in the control group without PDAC that also contributed multiple NSHDS samples. These were used to control for individual fluctuations in marker expression independent of PDAC. The mean delta across all controls was subtracted from case deltas then divided by the standard deviation of all control deltas to provide a “Case vs. Control Z-score”. These values were plotted against time to diagnosis. Graphs were smoothed by a Savitzky–Golay filter.Conceptualization, P.N., H.
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